FAMILY GATHERING TPF

Small-scale mining and small mines

Given the chronic under-supply of the West German post-war economy with the so-called small coal mining came with small and micro-mines to a particular role. Especially for the domestic fuel supply and energy demand for the coverage of small industrial and commercial enterprises that were created after 1945 many small mines, mines and mining operations of extraordinary importance. The development of small mines can be divided into two phases: In the period 1945-1948 was the coal mining for charitable purposes in the foreground, from 1949 to about 1958, the gold mining economic importance to the coverage of emerging, mostly montane foreign small and medium industry.

In contrast to the "savage cuts" by individuals who are supposedly under the coals disassembling of self-sufficiency and sometimes sold at high prices, made-ups of small mines immediately after the war at first reluctant. But already for the second half of 1948 can be detected 30 new towns. They were developed by the military authorities not only tolerated, but warmly welcomed. The Allies also demanded the control of production by the local business offices, which had to provide for the distribution of coal. This condition in 1947 is from the German Coal Mining Administration (DKBL), which has since issued the mining permits.

Small-scale mining and small mines

Given the chronic under-supply of the West German post-war economy with the so-called small coal mining came with small and micro-mines to a particular role. Especially for the domestic fuel supply and energy demand for the coverage of small industrial and commercial enterprises that were created after 1945 many small mines, mines and mining operations of extraordinary importance. The development of small mines can be divided into two phases: In the period 1945-1948 was the coal mining for charitable purposes in the foreground, from 1949 to about 1958, the gold mining economic importance to the coverage of emerging, mostly montane foreign small and medium industry.

In contrast to the "savage cuts" by individuals who are supposedly under the coals disassembling of self-sufficiency and sometimes sold at high prices, made-ups of small mines immediately after the war at first reluctant. But already for the second half of 1948 can be detected 30 new towns. They were developed by the military authorities not only tolerated, but warmly welcomed. The Allies also demanded the control of production by the local business offices, which had to provide for the distribution of coal. This condition in 1947 is from the German Coal Mining Administration (DKBL), which has since issued the mining permits.

Small-scale mining and small mines

Given the chronic under-supply of the West German post-war economy with the so-called small coal mining came with small and micro-mines to a particular role. Especially for the domestic fuel supply and energy demand for the coverage of small industrial and commercial enterprises that were created after 1945 many small mines, mines and mining operations of extraordinary importance. The development of small mines can be divided into two phases: In the period 1945-1948 was the coal mining for charitable purposes in the foreground, from 1949 to about 1958, the gold mining economic importance to the coverage of emerging, mostly montane foreign small and medium industry.

In contrast to the "savage cuts" by individuals who are supposedly under the coals disassembling of self-sufficiency and sometimes sold at high prices, made-ups of small mines immediately after the war at first reluctant. But already for the second half of 1948 can be detected 30 new towns. They were developed by the military authorities not only tolerated, but warmly welcomed. The Allies also demanded the control of production by the local business offices, which had to provide for the distribution of coal. This condition in 1947 is from the German Coal Mining Administration (DKBL), which has since issued the mining permits.

Small-scale mining and small mines

Given the chronic under-supply of the West German post-war economy with the so-called small coal mining came with small and micro-mines to a particular role. Especially for the domestic fuel supply and energy demand for the coverage of small industrial and commercial enterprises that were created after 1945 many small mines, mines and mining operations of extraordinary importance. The development of small mines can be divided into two phases: In the period 1945-1948 was the coal mining for charitable purposes in the foreground, from 1949 to about 1958, the gold mining economic importance to the coverage of emerging, mostly montane foreign small and medium industry.

In contrast to the "savage cuts" by individuals who are supposedly under the coals disassembling of self-sufficiency and sometimes sold at high prices, made-ups of small mines immediately after the war at first reluctant. But already for the second half of 1948 can be detected 30 new towns. They were developed by the military authorities not only tolerated, but warmly welcomed. The Allies also demanded the control of production by the local business offices, which had to provide for the distribution of coal. This condition in 1947 is from the German Coal Mining Administration (DKBL), which has since issued the mining permits.

Incentive plans, care packages and mining Kitchens

Because of the wartime exploitation and the lack of manpower, it was difficult in the early postwar years to bring the coal back on track. The restrictive measures provided little effects on the services layer, the occupation authorities in 1946 went on to performance incentives.

Use of the miners' point system should be in the postwar years, enormous rise in absenteeism of the miners are reduced by a reward system. The mere presence at work every miner eligible to purchase points and subscription cards, with which he was previously exclusive food and beverages, clothing and household goods to purchase. As part of the import goods purchasing system have been branded by the beginning of 1949 the foreign currency earnings from coal exports used to purchase imported goods. Using IK brands were entitled the miners to buy in selected stores this import goods at prewar prices. In addition, decreased in the period between July 1947 and March 1948 care packages to the workers engaged in mining. Initially equipped mainly with food and tobacco, they contained later clothes from military stocks.

Incentive plans, care packages and mining Kitchens

Because of the wartime exploitation and the lack of manpower, it was difficult in the early postwar years to bring the coal back on track. The restrictive measures provided little effects on the services layer, the occupation authorities in 1946 went on to performance incentives.

Use of the miners' point system should be in the postwar years, enormous rise in absenteeism of the miners are reduced by a reward system. The mere presence at work every miner eligible to purchase points and subscription cards, with which he was previously exclusive food and beverages, clothing and household goods to purchase. As part of the import goods purchasing system have been branded by the beginning of 1949 the foreign currency earnings from coal exports used to purchase imported goods. Using IK brands were entitled the miners to buy in selected stores this import goods at prewar prices. In addition, decreased in the period between July 1947 and March 1948 care packages to the workers engaged in mining. Initially equipped mainly with food and tobacco, they contained later clothes from military stocks.

Incentive plans, care packages and mining Kitchens

Because of the wartime exploitation and the lack of manpower, it was difficult in the early postwar years to bring the coal back on track. The restrictive measures provided little effects on the services layer, the occupation authorities in 1946 went on to performance incentives.

Use of the miners' point system should be in the postwar years, enormous rise in absenteeism of the miners are reduced by a reward system. The mere presence at work every miner eligible to purchase points and subscription cards, with which he was previously exclusive food and beverages, clothing and household goods to purchase. As part of the import goods purchasing system have been branded by the beginning of 1949 the foreign currency earnings from coal exports used to purchase imported goods. Using IK brands were entitled the miners to buy in selected stores this import goods at prewar prices. In addition, decreased in the period between July 1947 and March 1948 care packages to the workers engaged in mining. Initially equipped mainly with food and tobacco, they contained later clothes from military stocks.

Incentive plans, care packages and mining Kitchens

Because of the wartime exploitation and the lack of manpower, it was difficult in the early postwar years to bring the coal back on track. The restrictive measures provided little effects on the services layer, the occupation authorities in 1946 went on to performance incentives.

Use of the miners' point system should be in the postwar years, enormous rise in absenteeism of the miners are reduced by a reward system. The mere presence at work every miner eligible to purchase points and subscription cards, with which he was previously exclusive food and beverages, clothing and household goods to purchase. As part of the import goods purchasing system have been branded by the beginning of 1949 the foreign currency earnings from coal exports used to purchase imported goods. Using IK brands were entitled the miners to buy in selected stores this import goods at prewar prices. In addition, decreased in the period between July 1947 and March 1948 care packages to the workers engaged in mining. Initially equipped mainly with food and tobacco, they contained later clothes from military stocks.

An industry on the ground

At the end of World War II stood still for a short time in the Ruhr all wheels. The consequences of the bombing were especially severe in the industrial belt. Industrial plants, roads, utility systems and power lines were destroyed.

The goal of the Allied bombing campaign was for the Allies in the obstruction of production and transportation of important goods in and out of war-the so-called armory of the German Reich. In addition, the morale of the German population are weakened. Initial planning for an air war on the Ruhr were already developed at the end of World War II. In 1935 it was in Britain to the establishment of Bomber Command of the Royal Air Force (RAF) with the aim of establishing an offensive air power to be feared in view of a military confrontation with the German Reich. In the following, we developed several bombing plans, including the so-called Ruhr plan. This provided for air strikes on 19 and 22 power stations and coking plants several steel plants in the Rhine and Ruhr. By massive air strikes as soon as possible, the German armaments industry are eliminated.

At the outbreak of the Second World War in the late summer of 1939, but initially there was still appropriate to aircraft, personnel and bombs. A strategic bombing campaign began only after the German campaign in the west on 10 May 1940 laying nightly air raids on the Rhine-Ruhr area is a. The first major blow against the Ruhr on the night of 15 at 16 May 1940 1999 British aircraft were aimed above all to the hydrogenation of coal liquefaction in Oberhausen, Castrop-Rauxel, tub-Eickel, Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, Bottrop. By the winter of 1940-41 were the marshalling yards at Hamm, Soest, swords, Osnabrück, Münster, Duisburg, Cologne and Dusseldorf with Rodleben, coking plants, aircraft factories and other businesses in the defense industry, especially the Krupp works in Essen, repeated target of British air attacks.

Were previously only targeted attacks have been flown, walked the Royal Air Force from March 1942 to widespread attacks on industry and major cities in the Ruhr and the Rhineland. A major air offensive against the cities along the Rhine and Ruhr began in March 1943 and ended only five months later. An air raid in March 1943 much of the center of Essen and the Krupp works were destroyed, two months later, bombs found their target in the Mohne dam, the destruction of a massive tidal wave triggered. While the targeted heavy air attacks in recent months of the war on small-and medium-sized cities and industrial plants, a large part of the mines was damaged severely in the Ruhr area. Until 1948, the workforce of the mining and steel company engaged primarily to repairs of facilities destroyed by bombs or overload. About half of the housing stock was destroyed. Many residents had left the big cities, the supply situation was extremely precarious. There was a lack of raw materials, energy, food and efficient workforce. Many were killed in the war or those still in captivity.

At first glance appeared the state of the mines to the Allied occupation forces in May 1945 as a more or less intact. In fact, numerous mines include the relatively short development has finished. Very soon it turned out, however, as serious and sustained losses should affect the substance of the Ruhr mining industry because of the war economy.

An industry on the ground

At the end of World War II stood still for a short time in the Ruhr all wheels. The consequences of the bombing were especially severe in the industrial belt. Industrial plants, roads, utility systems and power lines were destroyed.

The goal of the Allied bombing campaign was for the Allies in the obstruction of production and transportation of important goods in and out of war-the so-called armory of the German Reich. In addition, the morale of the German population are weakened. Initial planning for an air war on the Ruhr were already developed at the end of World War II. In 1935 it was in Britain to the establishment of Bomber Command of the Royal Air Force (RAF) with the aim of establishing an offensive air power to be feared in view of a military confrontation with the German Reich. In the following, we developed several bombing plans, including the so-called Ruhr plan. This provided for air strikes on 19 and 22 power stations and coking plants several steel plants in the Rhine and Ruhr. By massive air strikes as soon as possible, the German armaments industry are eliminated.

At the outbreak of the Second World War in the late summer of 1939, but initially there was still appropriate to aircraft, personnel and bombs. A strategic bombing campaign began only after the German campaign in the west on 10 May 1940 laying nightly air raids on the Rhine-Ruhr area is a. The first major blow against the Ruhr on the night of 15 at 16 May 1940 1999 British aircraft were aimed above all to the hydrogenation of coal liquefaction in Oberhausen, Castrop-Rauxel, tub-Eickel, Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, Bottrop. By the winter of 1940-41 were the marshalling yards at Hamm, Soest, swords, Osnabrück, Münster, Duisburg, Cologne and Dusseldorf with Rodleben, coking plants, aircraft factories and other businesses in the defense industry, especially the Krupp works in Essen, repeated target of British air attacks.

Were previously only targeted attacks have been flown, walked the Royal Air Force from March 1942 to widespread attacks on industry and major cities in the Ruhr and the Rhineland. A major air offensive against the cities along the Rhine and Ruhr began in March 1943 and ended only five months later. An air raid in March 1943 much of the center of Essen and the Krupp works were destroyed, two months later, bombs found their target in the Mohne dam, the destruction of a massive tidal wave triggered. While the targeted heavy air attacks in recent months of the war on small-and medium-sized cities and industrial plants, a large part of the mines was damaged severely in the Ruhr area. Until 1948, the workforce of the mining and steel company engaged primarily to repairs of facilities destroyed by bombs or overload. About half of the housing stock was destroyed. Many residents had left the big cities, the supply situation was extremely precarious. There was a lack of raw materials, energy, food and efficient workforce. Many were killed in the war or those still in captivity.

At first glance appeared the state of the mines to the Allied occupation forces in May 1945 as a more or less intact. In fact, numerous mines include the relatively short development has finished. Very soon it turned out, however, as serious and sustained losses should affect the substance of the Ruhr mining industry because of the war economy.

An industry on the ground

At the end of World War II stood still for a short time in the Ruhr all wheels. The consequences of the bombing were especially severe in the industrial belt. Industrial plants, roads, utility systems and power lines were destroyed.

The goal of the Allied bombing campaign was for the Allies in the obstruction of production and transportation of important goods in and out of war-the so-called armory of the German Reich. In addition, the morale of the German population are weakened. Initial planning for an air war on the Ruhr were already developed at the end of World War II. In 1935 it was in Britain to the establishment of Bomber Command of the Royal Air Force (RAF) with the aim of establishing an offensive air power to be feared in view of a military confrontation with the German Reich. In the following, we developed several bombing plans, including the so-called Ruhr plan. This provided for air strikes on 19 and 22 power stations and coking plants several steel plants in the Rhine and Ruhr. By massive air strikes as soon as possible, the German armaments industry are eliminated.

At the outbreak of the Second World War in the late summer of 1939, but initially there was still appropriate to aircraft, personnel and bombs. A strategic bombing campaign began only after the German campaign in the west on 10 May 1940 laying nightly air raids on the Rhine-Ruhr area is a. The first major blow against the Ruhr on the night of 15 at 16 May 1940 1999 British aircraft were aimed above all to the hydrogenation of coal liquefaction in Oberhausen, Castrop-Rauxel, tub-Eickel, Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, Bottrop. By the winter of 1940-41 were the marshalling yards at Hamm, Soest, swords, Osnabrück, Münster, Duisburg, Cologne and Dusseldorf with Rodleben, coking plants, aircraft factories and other businesses in the defense industry, especially the Krupp works in Essen, repeated target of British air attacks.

Were previously only targeted attacks have been flown, walked the Royal Air Force from March 1942 to widespread attacks on industry and major cities in the Ruhr and the Rhineland. A major air offensive against the cities along the Rhine and Ruhr began in March 1943 and ended only five months later. An air raid in March 1943 much of the center of Essen and the Krupp works were destroyed, two months later, bombs found their target in the Mohne dam, the destruction of a massive tidal wave triggered. While the targeted heavy air attacks in recent months of the war on small-and medium-sized cities and industrial plants, a large part of the mines was damaged severely in the Ruhr area. Until 1948, the workforce of the mining and steel company engaged primarily to repairs of facilities destroyed by bombs or overload. About half of the housing stock was destroyed. Many residents had left the big cities, the supply situation was extremely precarious. There was a lack of raw materials, energy, food and efficient workforce. Many were killed in the war or those still in captivity.

At first glance appeared the state of the mines to the Allied occupation forces in May 1945 as a more or less intact. In fact, numerous mines include the relatively short development has finished. Very soon it turned out, however, as serious and sustained losses should affect the substance of the Ruhr mining industry because of the war economy.

An industry on the ground

At the end of World War II stood still for a short time in the Ruhr all wheels. The consequences of the bombing were especially severe in the industrial belt. Industrial plants, roads, utility systems and power lines were destroyed.

The goal of the Allied bombing campaign was for the Allies in the obstruction of production and transportation of important goods in and out of war-the so-called armory of the German Reich. In addition, the morale of the German population are weakened. Initial planning for an air war on the Ruhr were already developed at the end of World War II. In 1935 it was in Britain to the establishment of Bomber Command of the Royal Air Force (RAF) with the aim of establishing an offensive air power to be feared in view of a military confrontation with the German Reich. In the following, we developed several bombing plans, including the so-called Ruhr plan. This provided for air strikes on 19 and 22 power stations and coking plants several steel plants in the Rhine and Ruhr. By massive air strikes as soon as possible, the German armaments industry are eliminated.

At the outbreak of the Second World War in the late summer of 1939, but initially there was still appropriate to aircraft, personnel and bombs. A strategic bombing campaign began only after the German campaign in the west on 10 May 1940 laying nightly air raids on the Rhine-Ruhr area is a. The first major blow against the Ruhr on the night of 15 at 16 May 1940 1999 British aircraft were aimed above all to the hydrogenation of coal liquefaction in Oberhausen, Castrop-Rauxel, tub-Eickel, Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, Bottrop. By the winter of 1940-41 were the marshalling yards at Hamm, Soest, swords, Osnabrück, Münster, Duisburg, Cologne and Dusseldorf with Rodleben, coking plants, aircraft factories and other businesses in the defense industry, especially the Krupp works in Essen, repeated target of British air attacks.

Were previously only targeted attacks have been flown, walked the Royal Air Force from March 1942 to widespread attacks on industry and major cities in the Ruhr and the Rhineland. A major air offensive against the cities along the Rhine and Ruhr began in March 1943 and ended only five months later. An air raid in March 1943 much of the center of Essen and the Krupp works were destroyed, two months later, bombs found their target in the Mohne dam, the destruction of a massive tidal wave triggered. While the targeted heavy air attacks in recent months of the war on small-and medium-sized cities and industrial plants, a large part of the mines was damaged severely in the Ruhr area. Until 1948, the workforce of the mining and steel company engaged primarily to repairs of facilities destroyed by bombs or overload. About half of the housing stock was destroyed. Many residents had left the big cities, the supply situation was extremely precarious. There was a lack of raw materials, energy, food and efficient workforce. Many were killed in the war or those still in captivity.

At first glance appeared the state of the mines to the Allied occupation forces in May 1945 as a more or less intact. In fact, numerous mines include the relatively short development has finished. Very soon it turned out, however, as serious and sustained losses should affect the substance of the Ruhr mining industry because of the war economy.

The German Mining Administration (DKBL)

With the founding of the German coal mining cable on 18 November 1947, the management of the mines again in German hands. Earlier, in August / September 1947 economic policy discussions in Washington between the U.S. and Britain took place, to include measures to increase the Ruhr coal mining were discussed. One result of the Washington conference was the establishment of the DKBL based in Essen at the Villa Hills. It was the military government in the British and American control area for the efficiency of operation and management of coal and lignite mining industry responsible.

At the top of DKBL was appointed by the military government of General Manager, Mining Consultant Retired Heinrich food, which in turn had to support him accompanying department directors to appoint, in consultation with the military government. Furthermore, an advisory committee was formed, composed of six representatives of the company and six representatives of the unions. The DKBL was under the instructions and guidelines of the UK / US Coal Control Group and since 1949 the combined control group. This was approved by a veto over all decisions of the DKBL, its financial resources and also that of the mines. They also determined the allocations and fixed the export coal sales prices.

As a connecting element between the DKBL and the mining company acted sectoral advisory committees that took care of technical and economic issues. The mining companies were grouped into ten districts, which were headed by a part-time mine director. The DKBL employed at the beginning of 1948 1150 employees, when they wound up just under the middle of 1953 800th The cost of the mining companies had to apply through a levy on the working level, Heinrich Kost volunteered.

In general, the five-year phase of the action of DKBL leaves with the final restructuring of the Ruhr mining equate. When Henry diet on 28 December 1953 its final report on the activities of DKBL reported, the war damage was essentially eliminated. Coal production rose from 35 million tonnes in 1945 to 123 million tonnes in 1952, which was reached approximately the level of 1938. In view of aging and the poor state of the facilities above and below ground, this was mainly by a significant increase in the workforce from 75 000 to 337 000 men had been made. But also to the further development of mining technology in particular in the field of mechanization, there had been efforts that have been supported in addition to a contest, especially by the large mining exhibitions of 1948 and 1950. The share of coal in 1953 mainly mechanically recovered six times as large as 1948th Also has seen the DKBL also in the coal processing and refining and in the power industry substantial progress.

Great performances were also created in the housing sector. From before the Second World War in Germany almost 330 existing 000 miners dwellings less than 80 000 had survived the war undamaged. On liquidation of DKBL were about 230 000 homes rebuilt and 80 000 were created in addition. In addition to the reconstruction of the dwelling and the construction of carousing through residential financing aid came to nonprofit housing organizations and the granting of loans for the creation of homes. Their number increased only in the Ruhr mining 1951-1953 000th of 3600 to over 14

As the group moved the final unbundling and restructuring measures in the Ruhr mining industry in the foreseeable future nearby, held the DKBL one of its main tasks to be fulfilled and the time has come for its liquidation. The relevant negotiations with the Federal Ministry withdrew from late 1952 through until the summer of 1953, 29 July 1953 resolved the DKBL. Their technical and scientific tasks went on on 8 Founded in December 1952 in Essen coal industry association of, hence the circumstances linked to the tradition of the club founded in 1858 and 1945, suspended for the mining interests in the mountain district of Dortmund (Mining Association) in the technical community work and research.

The economic and social policy objectives of DKBL were transferred to the corporate organizations of the Ruhr, Aachen and Lower Saxony. On 15 May formed business Ruhr (UVR) has served from then on as the trade unions and collective bargaining was a member of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations. On 1 January 1953 were the corporate associations on 24 March 1950 based trade association mining as a leading organization of the entire German industry at. The mining industry association had its headquarters in Bonn, and after German reunification in Berlin.

The German Mining Administration (DKBL)

With the founding of the German coal mining cable on 18 November 1947, the management of the mines again in German hands. Earlier, in August / September 1947 economic policy discussions in Washington between the U.S. and Britain took place, to include measures to increase the Ruhr coal mining were discussed. One result of the Washington conference was the establishment of the DKBL based in Essen at the Villa Hills. It was the military government in the British and American control area for the efficiency of operation and management of coal and lignite mining industry responsible.

At the top of DKBL was appointed by the military government of General Manager, Mining Consultant Retired Heinrich food, which in turn had to support him accompanying department directors to appoint, in consultation with the military government. Furthermore, an advisory committee was formed, composed of six representatives of the company and six representatives of the unions. The DKBL was under the instructions and guidelines of the UK / US Coal Control Group and since 1949 the combined control group. This was approved by a veto over all decisions of the DKBL, its financial resources and also that of the mines. They also determined the allocations and fixed the export coal sales prices.

As a connecting element between the DKBL and the mining company acted sectoral advisory committees that took care of technical and economic issues. The mining companies were grouped into ten districts, which were headed by a part-time mine director. The DKBL employed at the beginning of 1948 1150 employees, when they wound up just under the middle of 1953 800th The cost of the mining companies had to apply through a levy on the working level, Heinrich Kost volunteered.

In general, the five-year phase of the action of DKBL leaves with the final restructuring of the Ruhr mining equate. When Henry diet on 28 December 1953 its final report on the activities of DKBL reported, the war damage was essentially eliminated. Coal production rose from 35 million tonnes in 1945 to 123 million tonnes in 1952, which was reached approximately the level of 1938. In view of aging and the poor state of the facilities above and below ground, this was mainly by a significant increase in the workforce from 75 000 to 337 000 men had been made. But also to the further development of mining technology in particular in the field of mechanization, there had been efforts that have been supported in addition to a contest, especially by the large mining exhibitions of 1948 and 1950. The share of coal in 1953 mainly mechanically recovered six times as large as 1948th Also has seen the DKBL also in the coal processing and refining and in the power industry substantial progress.

Great performances were also created in the housing sector. From before the Second World War in Germany almost 330 existing 000 miners dwellings less than 80 000 had survived the war undamaged. On liquidation of DKBL were about 230 000 homes rebuilt and 80 000 were created in addition. In addition to the reconstruction of the dwelling and the construction of carousing through residential financing aid came to nonprofit housing organizations and the granting of loans for the creation of homes. Their number increased only in the Ruhr mining 1951-1953 000th of 3600 to over 14

As the group moved the final unbundling and restructuring measures in the Ruhr mining industry in the foreseeable future nearby, held the DKBL one of its main tasks to be fulfilled and the time has come for its liquidation. The relevant negotiations with the Federal Ministry withdrew from late 1952 through until the summer of 1953, 29 July 1953 resolved the DKBL. Their technical and scientific tasks went on on 8 Founded in December 1952 in Essen coal industry association of, hence the circumstances linked to the tradition of the club founded in 1858 and 1945, suspended for the mining interests in the mountain district of Dortmund (Mining Association) in the technical community work and research.

The economic and social policy objectives of DKBL were transferred to the corporate organizations of the Ruhr, Aachen and Lower Saxony. On 15 May formed business Ruhr (UVR) has served from then on as the trade unions and collective bargaining was a member of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations. On 1 January 1953 were the corporate associations on 24 March 1950 based trade association mining as a leading organization of the entire German industry at. The mining industry association had its headquarters in Bonn, and after German reunification in Berlin.

The German Mining Administration (DKBL)

With the founding of the German coal mining cable on 18 November 1947, the management of the mines again in German hands. Earlier, in August / September 1947 economic policy discussions in Washington between the U.S. and Britain took place, to include measures to increase the Ruhr coal mining were discussed. One result of the Washington conference was the establishment of the DKBL based in Essen at the Villa Hills. It was the military government in the British and American control area for the efficiency of operation and management of coal and lignite mining industry responsible.

At the top of DKBL was appointed by the military government of General Manager, Mining Consultant Retired Heinrich food, which in turn had to support him accompanying department directors to appoint, in consultation with the military government. Furthermore, an advisory committee was formed, composed of six representatives of the company and six representatives of the unions. The DKBL was under the instructions and guidelines of the UK / US Coal Control Group and since 1949 the combined control group. This was approved by a veto over all decisions of the DKBL, its financial resources and also that of the mines. They also determined the allocations and fixed the export coal sales prices.

As a connecting element between the DKBL and the mining company acted sectoral advisory committees that took care of technical and economic issues. The mining companies were grouped into ten districts, which were headed by a part-time mine director. The DKBL employed at the beginning of 1948 1150 employees, when they wound up just under the middle of 1953 800th The cost of the mining companies had to apply through a levy on the working level, Heinrich Kost volunteered.

In general, the five-year phase of the action of DKBL leaves with the final restructuring of the Ruhr mining equate. When Henry diet on 28 December 1953 its final report on the activities of DKBL reported, the war damage was essentially eliminated. Coal production rose from 35 million tonnes in 1945 to 123 million tonnes in 1952, which was reached approximately the level of 1938. In view of aging and the poor state of the facilities above and below ground, this was mainly by a significant increase in the workforce from 75 000 to 337 000 men had been made. But also to the further development of mining technology in particular in the field of mechanization, there had been efforts that have been supported in addition to a contest, especially by the large mining exhibitions of 1948 and 1950. The share of coal in 1953 mainly mechanically recovered six times as large as 1948th Also has seen the DKBL also in the coal processing and refining and in the power industry substantial progress.

Great performances were also created in the housing sector. From before the Second World War in Germany almost 330 existing 000 miners dwellings less than 80 000 had survived the war undamaged. On liquidation of DKBL were about 230 000 homes rebuilt and 80 000 were created in addition. In addition to the reconstruction of the dwelling and the construction of carousing through residential financing aid came to nonprofit housing organizations and the granting of loans for the creation of homes. Their number increased only in the Ruhr mining 1951-1953 000th of 3600 to over 14

As the group moved the final unbundling and restructuring measures in the Ruhr mining industry in the foreseeable future nearby, held the DKBL one of its main tasks to be fulfilled and the time has come for its liquidation. The relevant negotiations with the Federal Ministry withdrew from late 1952 through until the summer of 1953, 29 July 1953 resolved the DKBL. Their technical and scientific tasks went on on 8 Founded in December 1952 in Essen coal industry association of, hence the circumstances linked to the tradition of the club founded in 1858 and 1945, suspended for the mining interests in the mountain district of Dortmund (Mining Association) in the technical community work and research.

The economic and social policy objectives of DKBL were transferred to the corporate organizations of the Ruhr, Aachen and Lower Saxony. On 15 May formed business Ruhr (UVR) has served from then on as the trade unions and collective bargaining was a member of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations. On 1 January 1953 were the corporate associations on 24 March 1950 based trade association mining as a leading organization of the entire German industry at. The mining industry association had its headquarters in Bonn, and after German reunification in Berlin.

The German Mining Administration (DKBL)

With the founding of the German coal mining cable on 18 November 1947, the management of the mines again in German hands. Earlier, in August / September 1947 economic policy discussions in Washington between the U.S. and Britain took place, to include measures to increase the Ruhr coal mining were discussed. One result of the Washington conference was the establishment of the DKBL based in Essen at the Villa Hills. It was the military government in the British and American control area for the efficiency of operation and management of coal and lignite mining industry responsible.

At the top of DKBL was appointed by the military government of General Manager, Mining Consultant Retired Heinrich food, which in turn had to support him accompanying department directors to appoint, in consultation with the military government. Furthermore, an advisory committee was formed, composed of six representatives of the company and six representatives of the unions. The DKBL was under the instructions and guidelines of the UK / US Coal Control Group and since 1949 the combined control group. This was approved by a veto over all decisions of the DKBL, its financial resources and also that of the mines. They also determined the allocations and fixed the export coal sales prices.

As a connecting element between the DKBL and the mining company acted sectoral advisory committees that took care of technical and economic issues. The mining companies were grouped into ten districts, which were headed by a part-time mine director. The DKBL employed at the beginning of 1948 1150 employees, when they wound up just under the middle of 1953 800th The cost of the mining companies had to apply through a levy on the working level, Heinrich Kost volunteered.

In general, the five-year phase of the action of DKBL leaves with the final restructuring of the Ruhr mining equate. When Henry diet on 28 December 1953 its final report on the activities of DKBL reported, the war damage was essentially eliminated. Coal production rose from 35 million tonnes in 1945 to 123 million tonnes in 1952, which was reached approximately the level of 1938. In view of aging and the poor state of the facilities above and below ground, this was mainly by a significant increase in the workforce from 75 000 to 337 000 men had been made. But also to the further development of mining technology in particular in the field of mechanization, there had been efforts that have been supported in addition to a contest, especially by the large mining exhibitions of 1948 and 1950. The share of coal in 1953 mainly mechanically recovered six times as large as 1948th Also has seen the DKBL also in the coal processing and refining and in the power industry substantial progress.

Great performances were also created in the housing sector. From before the Second World War in Germany almost 330 existing 000 miners dwellings less than 80 000 had survived the war undamaged. On liquidation of DKBL were about 230 000 homes rebuilt and 80 000 were created in addition. In addition to the reconstruction of the dwelling and the construction of carousing through residential financing aid came to nonprofit housing organizations and the granting of loans for the creation of homes. Their number increased only in the Ruhr mining 1951-1953 000th of 3600 to over 14

As the group moved the final unbundling and restructuring measures in the Ruhr mining industry in the foreseeable future nearby, held the DKBL one of its main tasks to be fulfilled and the time has come for its liquidation. The relevant negotiations with the Federal Ministry withdrew from late 1952 through until the summer of 1953, 29 July 1953 resolved the DKBL. Their technical and scientific tasks went on on 8 Founded in December 1952 in Essen coal industry association of, hence the circumstances linked to the tradition of the club founded in 1858 and 1945, suspended for the mining interests in the mountain district of Dortmund (Mining Association) in the technical community work and research.

The economic and social policy objectives of DKBL were transferred to the corporate organizations of the Ruhr, Aachen and Lower Saxony. On 15 May formed business Ruhr (UVR) has served from then on as the trade unions and collective bargaining was a member of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations. On 1 January 1953 were the corporate associations on 24 March 1950 based trade association mining as a leading organization of the entire German industry at. The mining industry association had its headquarters in Bonn, and after German reunification in Berlin.

KAMPOENG WISATA

Sekali kali rekreasi deh ama keluarga he he he

The Longer We Leave Carbon Reduction, the More it Will Cost!

The big problem in Australia is that we are the major coal exporter. The Chinese, in particular, need to be able to retrofit clean coal to their many coal power stations.

Seat belts would also help! Positive Aspects of Carbon Fuels

Ah, the evil carbon fuels. Carbon fuels that were once exalted as the power source for the industrial revolution are now demonized because of global warming. There are, however, positive aspects to carbon fuels.

Positive Aspects of Carbon Fuels

Carbon fuels are those fuels which come from the remains of ancient plants and animals. They include oil (petroleum), natural gas (such as methane and propane) and coal. Other positives of carbon fuels include ease of use. Since carbon fuels have been used as a combustible energy source for centuries, most of the machinery and engines that we use in everyday life have been developed to burn carbon fuels. Carbon fuel run power plants are also much easier to build and use - you can erect one almost anywhere, as long as you can get the carbon fuel to the plant. It is much harder to find a suitable location for a power plant that runs off of alternative energy sources, such as hydro power or wind power.

The positive aspects to carbon fuels really boil down to a timing element. The issues confronting us with carbon fuels, however, are also timing oriented. While the positive aspects of carbon fuels now are clear, they disappear in the near future.

Discover Going Green - Why You Should Convert to Green Energy Sources

"Going Green" simply means trying to use less of our natural resources like coal, oil and natural gas for our day to day existence. The problem is, that to convert these natural resources, coal, petroleum oil and natural gas into a form that we can use, causes a lot of problems for our environment. We burn coal to make electricity. This coal has to be dug out of the ground. When we burn coal to make electricity, it doesn't burn clean. When we burn petroleum products to power our cars, the emissions they produce are toxic to our world. The emissions create greenhouse gasses, which may (OR MAY NOT) cause global warming. This pollution kills sea life, sea birds and ultimately, destroys our beaches and coastlines.

Cutting back on air conditioning, adjusting the heat to use less energy, turning off lights when not used, buying mere energy efficient appliances.

The Longer We Leave Carbon Reduction, the More it Will Cost!

The big problem in Australia is that we are the major coal exporter. The Chinese, in particular, need to be able to retrofit clean coal to their many coal power stations.

Seat belts would also help! Positive Aspects of Carbon Fuels

Ah, the evil carbon fuels. Carbon fuels that were once exalted as the power source for the industrial revolution are now demonized because of global warming. There are, however, positive aspects to carbon fuels.

Positive Aspects of Carbon Fuels

Carbon fuels are those fuels which come from the remains of ancient plants and animals. They include oil (petroleum), natural gas (such as methane and propane) and coal. Other positives of carbon fuels include ease of use. Since carbon fuels have been used as a combustible energy source for centuries, most of the machinery and engines that we use in everyday life have been developed to burn carbon fuels. Carbon fuel run power plants are also much easier to build and use - you can erect one almost anywhere, as long as you can get the carbon fuel to the plant. It is much harder to find a suitable location for a power plant that runs off of alternative energy sources, such as hydro power or wind power.

The positive aspects to carbon fuels really boil down to a timing element. The issues confronting us with carbon fuels, however, are also timing oriented. While the positive aspects of carbon fuels now are clear, they disappear in the near future.

Discover Going Green - Why You Should Convert to Green Energy Sources

"Going Green" simply means trying to use less of our natural resources like coal, oil and natural gas for our day to day existence. The problem is, that to convert these natural resources, coal, petroleum oil and natural gas into a form that we can use, causes a lot of problems for our environment. We burn coal to make electricity. This coal has to be dug out of the ground. When we burn coal to make electricity, it doesn't burn clean. When we burn petroleum products to power our cars, the emissions they produce are toxic to our world. The emissions create greenhouse gasses, which may (OR MAY NOT) cause global warming. This pollution kills sea life, sea birds and ultimately, destroys our beaches and coastlines.

Cutting back on air conditioning, adjusting the heat to use less energy, turning off lights when not used, buying mere energy efficient appliances.

The Longer We Leave Carbon Reduction, the More it Will Cost!

The big problem in Australia is that we are the major coal exporter. The Chinese, in particular, need to be able to retrofit clean coal to their many coal power stations.

Seat belts would also help! Positive Aspects of Carbon Fuels

Ah, the evil carbon fuels. Carbon fuels that were once exalted as the power source for the industrial revolution are now demonized because of global warming. There are, however, positive aspects to carbon fuels.

Positive Aspects of Carbon Fuels

Carbon fuels are those fuels which come from the remains of ancient plants and animals. They include oil (petroleum), natural gas (such as methane and propane) and coal. Other positives of carbon fuels include ease of use. Since carbon fuels have been used as a combustible energy source for centuries, most of the machinery and engines that we use in everyday life have been developed to burn carbon fuels. Carbon fuel run power plants are also much easier to build and use - you can erect one almost anywhere, as long as you can get the carbon fuel to the plant. It is much harder to find a suitable location for a power plant that runs off of alternative energy sources, such as hydro power or wind power.

The positive aspects to carbon fuels really boil down to a timing element. The issues confronting us with carbon fuels, however, are also timing oriented. While the positive aspects of carbon fuels now are clear, they disappear in the near future.

Discover Going Green - Why You Should Convert to Green Energy Sources

"Going Green" simply means trying to use less of our natural resources like coal, oil and natural gas for our day to day existence. The problem is, that to convert these natural resources, coal, petroleum oil and natural gas into a form that we can use, causes a lot of problems for our environment. We burn coal to make electricity. This coal has to be dug out of the ground. When we burn coal to make electricity, it doesn't burn clean. When we burn petroleum products to power our cars, the emissions they produce are toxic to our world. The emissions create greenhouse gasses, which may (OR MAY NOT) cause global warming. This pollution kills sea life, sea birds and ultimately, destroys our beaches and coastlines.

Cutting back on air conditioning, adjusting the heat to use less energy, turning off lights when not used, buying mere energy efficient appliances.

The Longer We Leave Carbon Reduction, the More it Will Cost!

The big problem in Australia is that we are the major coal exporter. The Chinese, in particular, need to be able to retrofit clean coal to their many coal power stations.

Seat belts would also help! Positive Aspects of Carbon Fuels

Ah, the evil carbon fuels. Carbon fuels that were once exalted as the power source for the industrial revolution are now demonized because of global warming. There are, however, positive aspects to carbon fuels.

Positive Aspects of Carbon Fuels

Carbon fuels are those fuels which come from the remains of ancient plants and animals. They include oil (petroleum), natural gas (such as methane and propane) and coal. Other positives of carbon fuels include ease of use. Since carbon fuels have been used as a combustible energy source for centuries, most of the machinery and engines that we use in everyday life have been developed to burn carbon fuels. Carbon fuel run power plants are also much easier to build and use - you can erect one almost anywhere, as long as you can get the carbon fuel to the plant. It is much harder to find a suitable location for a power plant that runs off of alternative energy sources, such as hydro power or wind power.

The positive aspects to carbon fuels really boil down to a timing element. The issues confronting us with carbon fuels, however, are also timing oriented. While the positive aspects of carbon fuels now are clear, they disappear in the near future.

Discover Going Green - Why You Should Convert to Green Energy Sources

"Going Green" simply means trying to use less of our natural resources like coal, oil and natural gas for our day to day existence. The problem is, that to convert these natural resources, coal, petroleum oil and natural gas into a form that we can use, causes a lot of problems for our environment. We burn coal to make electricity. This coal has to be dug out of the ground. When we burn coal to make electricity, it doesn't burn clean. When we burn petroleum products to power our cars, the emissions they produce are toxic to our world. The emissions create greenhouse gasses, which may (OR MAY NOT) cause global warming. This pollution kills sea life, sea birds and ultimately, destroys our beaches and coastlines.

Cutting back on air conditioning, adjusting the heat to use less energy, turning off lights when not used, buying mere energy efficient appliances.

Green Energy in Medicine Bow, Wyoming

The state of Wyoming is well known for it's energy industry. Wyoming is rich in coal, gas, and oil deposits. The almost constant wind has also allowed Wyoming to excel in "green" energy sources as well.

The coal mines in Wyoming produce the cleanest burning, most sulfur free coal in the nation. There is a strong development of coal-bed methane. Most, if not all coal mines have methane recovery systems that allow this common gas to be turned into natural gas. Another of the "greener" energy producers are "gasification" plants. 

Environmental Consulting - How it Can Help Your Business

There are also some environmental consulting companies that provide construction services for various hazard assessments and/or waste management along with powder river basin environmental consulting, soil vegetation wetland surveys, reclamation and baseline monitoring.

Certain companies, like BKS Environmental Associates Inc. in Wyoming, offer a variety of services to help companies avoid waste and damaging the environment. These companies help industry leaders collect information on the local environment that will help with the entire planning process and avoid problems during planning. Environmental consulting companies can perform soil surveys that will identify quality soil and overburdened soil. Environmental consulting has also become an extremely valuable service in the coal bed methane Wyoming industry.

Coaled methane is an extremely important energy source in the United States and other countries. This methane is a form of natural gas that comes from coal beds and is also sometimes called "coalbed gas" or "sweet gas". Coal bed methane is often associated with underground coal mining because of the safety risks that it can cause.

In the coal bed methane industry environmental consulting is used to help determine and implement safe disposal methods. What is the Total Cost to the Environment For Our Energy Use and Energy Signature?

Above coal mining is safe and efficient; for instance the Gillette WY coal mining efforts.

Green Energy in Medicine Bow, Wyoming

The state of Wyoming is well known for it's energy industry. Wyoming is rich in coal, gas, and oil deposits. The almost constant wind has also allowed Wyoming to excel in "green" energy sources as well.

The coal mines in Wyoming produce the cleanest burning, most sulfur free coal in the nation. There is a strong development of coal-bed methane. Most, if not all coal mines have methane recovery systems that allow this common gas to be turned into natural gas. Another of the "greener" energy producers are "gasification" plants. 

Environmental Consulting - How it Can Help Your Business

There are also some environmental consulting companies that provide construction services for various hazard assessments and/or waste management along with powder river basin environmental consulting, soil vegetation wetland surveys, reclamation and baseline monitoring.

Certain companies, like BKS Environmental Associates Inc. in Wyoming, offer a variety of services to help companies avoid waste and damaging the environment. These companies help industry leaders collect information on the local environment that will help with the entire planning process and avoid problems during planning. Environmental consulting companies can perform soil surveys that will identify quality soil and overburdened soil. Environmental consulting has also become an extremely valuable service in the coal bed methane Wyoming industry.

Coaled methane is an extremely important energy source in the United States and other countries. This methane is a form of natural gas that comes from coal beds and is also sometimes called "coalbed gas" or "sweet gas". Coal bed methane is often associated with underground coal mining because of the safety risks that it can cause.

In the coal bed methane industry environmental consulting is used to help determine and implement safe disposal methods. What is the Total Cost to the Environment For Our Energy Use and Energy Signature?

Above coal mining is safe and efficient; for instance the Gillette WY coal mining efforts.

Green Energy in Medicine Bow, Wyoming

The state of Wyoming is well known for it's energy industry. Wyoming is rich in coal, gas, and oil deposits. The almost constant wind has also allowed Wyoming to excel in "green" energy sources as well.

The coal mines in Wyoming produce the cleanest burning, most sulfur free coal in the nation. There is a strong development of coal-bed methane. Most, if not all coal mines have methane recovery systems that allow this common gas to be turned into natural gas. Another of the "greener" energy producers are "gasification" plants. 

Environmental Consulting - How it Can Help Your Business

There are also some environmental consulting companies that provide construction services for various hazard assessments and/or waste management along with powder river basin environmental consulting, soil vegetation wetland surveys, reclamation and baseline monitoring.

Certain companies, like BKS Environmental Associates Inc. in Wyoming, offer a variety of services to help companies avoid waste and damaging the environment. These companies help industry leaders collect information on the local environment that will help with the entire planning process and avoid problems during planning. Environmental consulting companies can perform soil surveys that will identify quality soil and overburdened soil. Environmental consulting has also become an extremely valuable service in the coal bed methane Wyoming industry.

Coaled methane is an extremely important energy source in the United States and other countries. This methane is a form of natural gas that comes from coal beds and is also sometimes called "coalbed gas" or "sweet gas". Coal bed methane is often associated with underground coal mining because of the safety risks that it can cause.

In the coal bed methane industry environmental consulting is used to help determine and implement safe disposal methods. What is the Total Cost to the Environment For Our Energy Use and Energy Signature?

Above coal mining is safe and efficient; for instance the Gillette WY coal mining efforts.

Green Energy in Medicine Bow, Wyoming

The state of Wyoming is well known for it's energy industry. Wyoming is rich in coal, gas, and oil deposits. The almost constant wind has also allowed Wyoming to excel in "green" energy sources as well.

The coal mines in Wyoming produce the cleanest burning, most sulfur free coal in the nation. There is a strong development of coal-bed methane. Most, if not all coal mines have methane recovery systems that allow this common gas to be turned into natural gas. Another of the "greener" energy producers are "gasification" plants. 

Environmental Consulting - How it Can Help Your Business

There are also some environmental consulting companies that provide construction services for various hazard assessments and/or waste management along with powder river basin environmental consulting, soil vegetation wetland surveys, reclamation and baseline monitoring.

Certain companies, like BKS Environmental Associates Inc. in Wyoming, offer a variety of services to help companies avoid waste and damaging the environment. These companies help industry leaders collect information on the local environment that will help with the entire planning process and avoid problems during planning. Environmental consulting companies can perform soil surveys that will identify quality soil and overburdened soil. Environmental consulting has also become an extremely valuable service in the coal bed methane Wyoming industry.

Coaled methane is an extremely important energy source in the United States and other countries. This methane is a form of natural gas that comes from coal beds and is also sometimes called "coalbed gas" or "sweet gas". Coal bed methane is often associated with underground coal mining because of the safety risks that it can cause.

In the coal bed methane industry environmental consulting is used to help determine and implement safe disposal methods. What is the Total Cost to the Environment For Our Energy Use and Energy Signature?

Above coal mining is safe and efficient; for instance the Gillette WY coal mining efforts.

Reducing Environmental Impact of CBM Water

What is CBM water?

To extract methane form coal bed methane (CBM) it is required that large amounts of water are pumped underground so that the water pressure which holds the methane in place in the coal seams gets reduced. The remaining water is called as coal bed methane product water which is very high is salinity and sodium levels that can be bad for plant and soil conditions. What are the current management practices for the disposal of CBM product water?

Water applied to crops or rangefield

Salt Tolerant:

Salt Tolerant Forages

Coal bed methane water is also used for dust control and is also in some cases used by coal mines as well.

Treatment of CBM water:

Salt precipitation is the process in which the water evaporated leaving behind the salt and traps the evaporated water. 

The Implication of the New Integration in the Mineral Resources on the CBM/CMM in China

The foreign investors with interests in the CBM/CMM projects in China have to face the challenges from the new Notice on the Further Pushing the Integration of the Mineral Resources Development issued by the twelve authorities on September 28, 2009 (the Notice 2009). CBM/CMM plays an important role in the administration of the operating coal mines. Those foreign investors have successfully obtained the exploration right license from the MLR. - By the end of 2010, the integration must be completed in accordance with the approved integration plan. And the mineral resources administration regime must be established. The CBM exploration right holders, such as the foreign investors, need to open eyes on the coal mines or CBM zones surrounding or adjacent to theirs. The government also reserve the right to withdraw the mineral right (including the exploration right to CBM) granted to the foreign investors.

The question is that how to compensate those integrated CBM exploration right holders, esp. those foreign investors. The foreign investors may also have the opportunity to become the integrating entity with some approvals in coal/CBM industry. The Notice 2009 clarify the mineral zones into exploration zones and mining zones, both of which are further divided into encouraged, restricted and forbidden zones. The exploration right assignment will be in the model of zoning. For the same mining area with grants of more than one exploration rights, those right holders must be integrated into one entity when they start the mining operation. For the foreign CBM investors, the first step is to make sure that their exploration zone will be defined as "one mining zone" and there are no other granted and conflicted exploration rights or mining rights.

Reducing Environmental Impact of CBM Water

What is CBM water?

To extract methane form coal bed methane (CBM) it is required that large amounts of water are pumped underground so that the water pressure which holds the methane in place in the coal seams gets reduced. The remaining water is called as coal bed methane product water which is very high is salinity and sodium levels that can be bad for plant and soil conditions. What are the current management practices for the disposal of CBM product water?

Water applied to crops or rangefield

Salt Tolerant:

Salt Tolerant Forages

Coal bed methane water is also used for dust control and is also in some cases used by coal mines as well.

Treatment of CBM water:

Salt precipitation is the process in which the water evaporated leaving behind the salt and traps the evaporated water. 

The Implication of the New Integration in the Mineral Resources on the CBM/CMM in China

The foreign investors with interests in the CBM/CMM projects in China have to face the challenges from the new Notice on the Further Pushing the Integration of the Mineral Resources Development issued by the twelve authorities on September 28, 2009 (the Notice 2009). CBM/CMM plays an important role in the administration of the operating coal mines. Those foreign investors have successfully obtained the exploration right license from the MLR. - By the end of 2010, the integration must be completed in accordance with the approved integration plan. And the mineral resources administration regime must be established. The CBM exploration right holders, such as the foreign investors, need to open eyes on the coal mines or CBM zones surrounding or adjacent to theirs. The government also reserve the right to withdraw the mineral right (including the exploration right to CBM) granted to the foreign investors.

The question is that how to compensate those integrated CBM exploration right holders, esp. those foreign investors. The foreign investors may also have the opportunity to become the integrating entity with some approvals in coal/CBM industry. The Notice 2009 clarify the mineral zones into exploration zones and mining zones, both of which are further divided into encouraged, restricted and forbidden zones. The exploration right assignment will be in the model of zoning. For the same mining area with grants of more than one exploration rights, those right holders must be integrated into one entity when they start the mining operation. For the foreign CBM investors, the first step is to make sure that their exploration zone will be defined as "one mining zone" and there are no other granted and conflicted exploration rights or mining rights.