Coal Mining

Coal mining - extracting, processing and finishing part of the coal deposits are planned in the coal (brown coal and peat mining). - The selection of the technically and economically most suitable extraction process is determined, above all, deposit type and Flöztyp, hardness and thickness of the upcoming coal, power and nature of the overburden and the surrounding rocks and the available technical facilities.

The opencast mine is divided into the Department of overburden and the Department of coal mining. the Department of overburden Win in the dredging spoil and give it to conveyor belts or open car. These funds carry the muck in the charred surface mining (butt). In the Department of coal mining, coal is with the help of excavators and conveyor belts won or dump cars from the mine transported to the consumer.

The degradation can be more stacked benches in front of him to go. Coal mining are to also treatment plants, where coal crushed, washed and graded is (brown coal is washed in not), briquette, in which fine-grained coal with or without binders into briquettes are pressed and dried (brown coal without binder briquettes in), and some cases, coking plants, Schweelereien, power plants, and compressed natural gas stations in which electric energy coal, coke, coal gas and other useful materials produced are prepared from, and means for maintaining the equipment in these plants.

The opencast mine was economically important because he is the economy the most important primary energy source, lignite, provides. - The brown coal deposits are located in the Halle-Bitterfeld to Leipzig, Zeitz-Weissenfels and Lower Lausitz. The focus of the lignite is shifting more and more white water, etc.) to Lower Lausitz (Cottbus the. - The coal industry has, due to favorable geological and low occurrence becomes irrelevant. The low coal stocks were mainly in Zwickau. - The peat cutting has in predominantly local significance. Large peat deposits are found mainly in the north. Here, peat extraction is the current focus.

Coal Mining

Coal mining - extracting, processing and finishing part of the coal deposits are planned in the coal (brown coal and peat mining). - The selection of the technically and economically most suitable extraction process is determined, above all, deposit type and Flöztyp, hardness and thickness of the upcoming coal, power and nature of the overburden and the surrounding rocks and the available technical facilities.

The opencast mine is divided into the Department of overburden and the Department of coal mining. the Department of overburden Win in the dredging spoil and give it to conveyor belts or open car. These funds carry the muck in the charred surface mining (butt). In the Department of coal mining, coal is with the help of excavators and conveyor belts won or dump cars from the mine transported to the consumer.

The degradation can be more stacked benches in front of him to go. Coal mining are to also treatment plants, where coal crushed, washed and graded is (brown coal is washed in not), briquette, in which fine-grained coal with or without binders into briquettes are pressed and dried (brown coal without binder briquettes in), and some cases, coking plants, Schweelereien, power plants, and compressed natural gas stations in which electric energy coal, coke, coal gas and other useful materials produced are prepared from, and means for maintaining the equipment in these plants.

The opencast mine was economically important because he is the economy the most important primary energy source, lignite, provides. - The brown coal deposits are located in the Halle-Bitterfeld to Leipzig, Zeitz-Weissenfels and Lower Lausitz. The focus of the lignite is shifting more and more white water, etc.) to Lower Lausitz (Cottbus the. - The coal industry has, due to favorable geological and low occurrence becomes irrelevant. The low coal stocks were mainly in Zwickau. - The peat cutting has in predominantly local significance. Large peat deposits are found mainly in the north. Here, peat extraction is the current focus.

Coal Mining

Coal mining - extracting, processing and finishing part of the coal deposits are planned in the coal (brown coal and peat mining). - The selection of the technically and economically most suitable extraction process is determined, above all, deposit type and Flöztyp, hardness and thickness of the upcoming coal, power and nature of the overburden and the surrounding rocks and the available technical facilities.

The opencast mine is divided into the Department of overburden and the Department of coal mining. the Department of overburden Win in the dredging spoil and give it to conveyor belts or open car. These funds carry the muck in the charred surface mining (butt). In the Department of coal mining, coal is with the help of excavators and conveyor belts won or dump cars from the mine transported to the consumer.

The degradation can be more stacked benches in front of him to go. Coal mining are to also treatment plants, where coal crushed, washed and graded is (brown coal is washed in not), briquette, in which fine-grained coal with or without binders into briquettes are pressed and dried (brown coal without binder briquettes in), and some cases, coking plants, Schweelereien, power plants, and compressed natural gas stations in which electric energy coal, coke, coal gas and other useful materials produced are prepared from, and means for maintaining the equipment in these plants.

The opencast mine was economically important because he is the economy the most important primary energy source, lignite, provides. - The brown coal deposits are located in the Halle-Bitterfeld to Leipzig, Zeitz-Weissenfels and Lower Lausitz. The focus of the lignite is shifting more and more white water, etc.) to Lower Lausitz (Cottbus the. - The coal industry has, due to favorable geological and low occurrence becomes irrelevant. The low coal stocks were mainly in Zwickau. - The peat cutting has in predominantly local significance. Large peat deposits are found mainly in the north. Here, peat extraction is the current focus.

Coal Mining

Coal mining - extracting, processing and finishing part of the coal deposits are planned in the coal (brown coal and peat mining). - The selection of the technically and economically most suitable extraction process is determined, above all, deposit type and Flöztyp, hardness and thickness of the upcoming coal, power and nature of the overburden and the surrounding rocks and the available technical facilities.

The opencast mine is divided into the Department of overburden and the Department of coal mining. the Department of overburden Win in the dredging spoil and give it to conveyor belts or open car. These funds carry the muck in the charred surface mining (butt). In the Department of coal mining, coal is with the help of excavators and conveyor belts won or dump cars from the mine transported to the consumer.

The degradation can be more stacked benches in front of him to go. Coal mining are to also treatment plants, where coal crushed, washed and graded is (brown coal is washed in not), briquette, in which fine-grained coal with or without binders into briquettes are pressed and dried (brown coal without binder briquettes in), and some cases, coking plants, Schweelereien, power plants, and compressed natural gas stations in which electric energy coal, coke, coal gas and other useful materials produced are prepared from, and means for maintaining the equipment in these plants.

The opencast mine was economically important because he is the economy the most important primary energy source, lignite, provides. - The brown coal deposits are located in the Halle-Bitterfeld to Leipzig, Zeitz-Weissenfels and Lower Lausitz. The focus of the lignite is shifting more and more white water, etc.) to Lower Lausitz (Cottbus the. - The coal industry has, due to favorable geological and low occurrence becomes irrelevant. The low coal stocks were mainly in Zwickau. - The peat cutting has in predominantly local significance. Large peat deposits are found mainly in the north. Here, peat extraction is the current focus.

The History of Coal Mining

1769

Concession grant of the Palatine Elector Carl Theodor in 5 farmers from old churches to Kohleschürfung in the district. Start the Carl-mine "on mountain boys in the mine operation.

1775

John Paul White from Neunkirchen / Potzberg founded in the immediate "Saint-Paul-pit." Jakob Meixner Obersteiger

1776

Commissioning of "Maximilian pit" with 2 tunnels in the "Köpfchesrech" and "New Mountain". Later, the tunnels' freshness courage "in" spelled box at that. John Paul White takes over as the owner of all mines and operates with changing success until his death 1794th

1794

Konrad Weiss, the eldest son takes over, now the management of coal mines in the old churches and lead them successfully during the French occupation years.

1824

Konrad Weiss dies. The eldest son of Charles White succeeds in mining the old churches and the surrounding area of its greatest flowering cause.

1830 - 1870

The Maximilian pit develops into a major coal mine in the Western Palatinate. The average annual output was 2550 tonnes with an average workforce of 43 men. 1832 is the purchase of the former school building as the seat of the mine management.

1870 - 1880

The Maximilian mine again experienced a period of recovery. 1871 Moving to a new house with stables (now the property Wern).

Charles White died in 1879 in Old Churches.

Despite construction of new pit building and the pit stops Föderanlagen pressure the competitors of the Saar mines not Stand The White family has resulted in the failure of a shaft sinking and give financial support to modernization and the property sold to a consortium of two bridges and Saarbrücken. Many in the white - family emigrated to America.

1895 - 1899

Closure and dismantling of all facilities. The staff moved from the mines to the north field and Frankenholz

The history of the old coal mining Kircher found that after over 100 years to an end.

The revival in the 20th century kurfristige. Remained in each case after the two world wars episode.

The History of Coal Mining

1769

Concession grant of the Palatine Elector Carl Theodor in 5 farmers from old churches to Kohleschürfung in the district. Start the Carl-mine "on mountain boys in the mine operation.

1775

John Paul White from Neunkirchen / Potzberg founded in the immediate "Saint-Paul-pit." Jakob Meixner Obersteiger

1776

Commissioning of "Maximilian pit" with 2 tunnels in the "Köpfchesrech" and "New Mountain". Later, the tunnels' freshness courage "in" spelled box at that. John Paul White takes over as the owner of all mines and operates with changing success until his death 1794th

1794

Konrad Weiss, the eldest son takes over, now the management of coal mines in the old churches and lead them successfully during the French occupation years.

1824

Konrad Weiss dies. The eldest son of Charles White succeeds in mining the old churches and the surrounding area of its greatest flowering cause.

1830 - 1870

The Maximilian pit develops into a major coal mine in the Western Palatinate. The average annual output was 2550 tonnes with an average workforce of 43 men. 1832 is the purchase of the former school building as the seat of the mine management.

1870 - 1880

The Maximilian mine again experienced a period of recovery. 1871 Moving to a new house with stables (now the property Wern).

Charles White died in 1879 in Old Churches.

Despite construction of new pit building and the pit stops Föderanlagen pressure the competitors of the Saar mines not Stand The White family has resulted in the failure of a shaft sinking and give financial support to modernization and the property sold to a consortium of two bridges and Saarbrücken. Many in the white - family emigrated to America.

1895 - 1899

Closure and dismantling of all facilities. The staff moved from the mines to the north field and Frankenholz

The history of the old coal mining Kircher found that after over 100 years to an end.

The revival in the 20th century kurfristige. Remained in each case after the two world wars episode.

The History of Coal Mining

1769

Concession grant of the Palatine Elector Carl Theodor in 5 farmers from old churches to Kohleschürfung in the district. Start the Carl-mine "on mountain boys in the mine operation.

1775

John Paul White from Neunkirchen / Potzberg founded in the immediate "Saint-Paul-pit." Jakob Meixner Obersteiger

1776

Commissioning of "Maximilian pit" with 2 tunnels in the "Köpfchesrech" and "New Mountain". Later, the tunnels' freshness courage "in" spelled box at that. John Paul White takes over as the owner of all mines and operates with changing success until his death 1794th

1794

Konrad Weiss, the eldest son takes over, now the management of coal mines in the old churches and lead them successfully during the French occupation years.

1824

Konrad Weiss dies. The eldest son of Charles White succeeds in mining the old churches and the surrounding area of its greatest flowering cause.

1830 - 1870

The Maximilian pit develops into a major coal mine in the Western Palatinate. The average annual output was 2550 tonnes with an average workforce of 43 men. 1832 is the purchase of the former school building as the seat of the mine management.

1870 - 1880

The Maximilian mine again experienced a period of recovery. 1871 Moving to a new house with stables (now the property Wern).

Charles White died in 1879 in Old Churches.

Despite construction of new pit building and the pit stops Föderanlagen pressure the competitors of the Saar mines not Stand The White family has resulted in the failure of a shaft sinking and give financial support to modernization and the property sold to a consortium of two bridges and Saarbrücken. Many in the white - family emigrated to America.

1895 - 1899

Closure and dismantling of all facilities. The staff moved from the mines to the north field and Frankenholz

The history of the old coal mining Kircher found that after over 100 years to an end.

The revival in the 20th century kurfristige. Remained in each case after the two world wars episode.

The History of Coal Mining

1769

Concession grant of the Palatine Elector Carl Theodor in 5 farmers from old churches to Kohleschürfung in the district. Start the Carl-mine "on mountain boys in the mine operation.

1775

John Paul White from Neunkirchen / Potzberg founded in the immediate "Saint-Paul-pit." Jakob Meixner Obersteiger

1776

Commissioning of "Maximilian pit" with 2 tunnels in the "Köpfchesrech" and "New Mountain". Later, the tunnels' freshness courage "in" spelled box at that. John Paul White takes over as the owner of all mines and operates with changing success until his death 1794th

1794

Konrad Weiss, the eldest son takes over, now the management of coal mines in the old churches and lead them successfully during the French occupation years.

1824

Konrad Weiss dies. The eldest son of Charles White succeeds in mining the old churches and the surrounding area of its greatest flowering cause.

1830 - 1870

The Maximilian pit develops into a major coal mine in the Western Palatinate. The average annual output was 2550 tonnes with an average workforce of 43 men. 1832 is the purchase of the former school building as the seat of the mine management.

1870 - 1880

The Maximilian mine again experienced a period of recovery. 1871 Moving to a new house with stables (now the property Wern).

Charles White died in 1879 in Old Churches.

Despite construction of new pit building and the pit stops Föderanlagen pressure the competitors of the Saar mines not Stand The White family has resulted in the failure of a shaft sinking and give financial support to modernization and the property sold to a consortium of two bridges and Saarbrücken. Many in the white - family emigrated to America.

1895 - 1899

Closure and dismantling of all facilities. The staff moved from the mines to the north field and Frankenholz

The history of the old coal mining Kircher found that after over 100 years to an end.

The revival in the 20th century kurfristige. Remained in each case after the two world wars episode.

Small-scale mining and small mines

Given the chronic under-supply of the West German post-war economy with the so-called small coal mining came with small and micro-mines to a particular role. Especially for the domestic fuel supply and energy demand for the coverage of small industrial and commercial enterprises that were created after 1945 many small mines, mines and mining operations of extraordinary importance. The development of small mines can be divided into two phases: In the period 1945-1948 was the coal mining for charitable purposes in the foreground, from 1949 to about 1958, the gold mining economic importance to the coverage of emerging, mostly montane foreign small and medium industry.

In contrast to the "savage cuts" by individuals who are supposedly under the coals disassembling of self-sufficiency and sometimes sold at high prices, made-ups of small mines immediately after the war at first reluctant. But already for the second half of 1948 can be detected 30 new towns. They were developed by the military authorities not only tolerated, but warmly welcomed. The Allies also demanded the control of production by the local business offices, which had to provide for the distribution of coal. This condition in 1947 is from the German Coal Mining Administration (DKBL), which has since issued the mining permits.

Small-scale mining and small mines

Given the chronic under-supply of the West German post-war economy with the so-called small coal mining came with small and micro-mines to a particular role. Especially for the domestic fuel supply and energy demand for the coverage of small industrial and commercial enterprises that were created after 1945 many small mines, mines and mining operations of extraordinary importance. The development of small mines can be divided into two phases: In the period 1945-1948 was the coal mining for charitable purposes in the foreground, from 1949 to about 1958, the gold mining economic importance to the coverage of emerging, mostly montane foreign small and medium industry.

In contrast to the "savage cuts" by individuals who are supposedly under the coals disassembling of self-sufficiency and sometimes sold at high prices, made-ups of small mines immediately after the war at first reluctant. But already for the second half of 1948 can be detected 30 new towns. They were developed by the military authorities not only tolerated, but warmly welcomed. The Allies also demanded the control of production by the local business offices, which had to provide for the distribution of coal. This condition in 1947 is from the German Coal Mining Administration (DKBL), which has since issued the mining permits.

Small-scale mining and small mines

Given the chronic under-supply of the West German post-war economy with the so-called small coal mining came with small and micro-mines to a particular role. Especially for the domestic fuel supply and energy demand for the coverage of small industrial and commercial enterprises that were created after 1945 many small mines, mines and mining operations of extraordinary importance. The development of small mines can be divided into two phases: In the period 1945-1948 was the coal mining for charitable purposes in the foreground, from 1949 to about 1958, the gold mining economic importance to the coverage of emerging, mostly montane foreign small and medium industry.

In contrast to the "savage cuts" by individuals who are supposedly under the coals disassembling of self-sufficiency and sometimes sold at high prices, made-ups of small mines immediately after the war at first reluctant. But already for the second half of 1948 can be detected 30 new towns. They were developed by the military authorities not only tolerated, but warmly welcomed. The Allies also demanded the control of production by the local business offices, which had to provide for the distribution of coal. This condition in 1947 is from the German Coal Mining Administration (DKBL), which has since issued the mining permits.

Small-scale mining and small mines

Given the chronic under-supply of the West German post-war economy with the so-called small coal mining came with small and micro-mines to a particular role. Especially for the domestic fuel supply and energy demand for the coverage of small industrial and commercial enterprises that were created after 1945 many small mines, mines and mining operations of extraordinary importance. The development of small mines can be divided into two phases: In the period 1945-1948 was the coal mining for charitable purposes in the foreground, from 1949 to about 1958, the gold mining economic importance to the coverage of emerging, mostly montane foreign small and medium industry.

In contrast to the "savage cuts" by individuals who are supposedly under the coals disassembling of self-sufficiency and sometimes sold at high prices, made-ups of small mines immediately after the war at first reluctant. But already for the second half of 1948 can be detected 30 new towns. They were developed by the military authorities not only tolerated, but warmly welcomed. The Allies also demanded the control of production by the local business offices, which had to provide for the distribution of coal. This condition in 1947 is from the German Coal Mining Administration (DKBL), which has since issued the mining permits.

Incentive plans, care packages and mining Kitchens

Because of the wartime exploitation and the lack of manpower, it was difficult in the early postwar years to bring the coal back on track. The restrictive measures provided little effects on the services layer, the occupation authorities in 1946 went on to performance incentives.

Use of the miners' point system should be in the postwar years, enormous rise in absenteeism of the miners are reduced by a reward system. The mere presence at work every miner eligible to purchase points and subscription cards, with which he was previously exclusive food and beverages, clothing and household goods to purchase. As part of the import goods purchasing system have been branded by the beginning of 1949 the foreign currency earnings from coal exports used to purchase imported goods. Using IK brands were entitled the miners to buy in selected stores this import goods at prewar prices. In addition, decreased in the period between July 1947 and March 1948 care packages to the workers engaged in mining. Initially equipped mainly with food and tobacco, they contained later clothes from military stocks.

Incentive plans, care packages and mining Kitchens

Because of the wartime exploitation and the lack of manpower, it was difficult in the early postwar years to bring the coal back on track. The restrictive measures provided little effects on the services layer, the occupation authorities in 1946 went on to performance incentives.

Use of the miners' point system should be in the postwar years, enormous rise in absenteeism of the miners are reduced by a reward system. The mere presence at work every miner eligible to purchase points and subscription cards, with which he was previously exclusive food and beverages, clothing and household goods to purchase. As part of the import goods purchasing system have been branded by the beginning of 1949 the foreign currency earnings from coal exports used to purchase imported goods. Using IK brands were entitled the miners to buy in selected stores this import goods at prewar prices. In addition, decreased in the period between July 1947 and March 1948 care packages to the workers engaged in mining. Initially equipped mainly with food and tobacco, they contained later clothes from military stocks.

Incentive plans, care packages and mining Kitchens

Because of the wartime exploitation and the lack of manpower, it was difficult in the early postwar years to bring the coal back on track. The restrictive measures provided little effects on the services layer, the occupation authorities in 1946 went on to performance incentives.

Use of the miners' point system should be in the postwar years, enormous rise in absenteeism of the miners are reduced by a reward system. The mere presence at work every miner eligible to purchase points and subscription cards, with which he was previously exclusive food and beverages, clothing and household goods to purchase. As part of the import goods purchasing system have been branded by the beginning of 1949 the foreign currency earnings from coal exports used to purchase imported goods. Using IK brands were entitled the miners to buy in selected stores this import goods at prewar prices. In addition, decreased in the period between July 1947 and March 1948 care packages to the workers engaged in mining. Initially equipped mainly with food and tobacco, they contained later clothes from military stocks.

Incentive plans, care packages and mining Kitchens

Because of the wartime exploitation and the lack of manpower, it was difficult in the early postwar years to bring the coal back on track. The restrictive measures provided little effects on the services layer, the occupation authorities in 1946 went on to performance incentives.

Use of the miners' point system should be in the postwar years, enormous rise in absenteeism of the miners are reduced by a reward system. The mere presence at work every miner eligible to purchase points and subscription cards, with which he was previously exclusive food and beverages, clothing and household goods to purchase. As part of the import goods purchasing system have been branded by the beginning of 1949 the foreign currency earnings from coal exports used to purchase imported goods. Using IK brands were entitled the miners to buy in selected stores this import goods at prewar prices. In addition, decreased in the period between July 1947 and March 1948 care packages to the workers engaged in mining. Initially equipped mainly with food and tobacco, they contained later clothes from military stocks.

An industry on the ground

At the end of World War II stood still for a short time in the Ruhr all wheels. The consequences of the bombing were especially severe in the industrial belt. Industrial plants, roads, utility systems and power lines were destroyed.

The goal of the Allied bombing campaign was for the Allies in the obstruction of production and transportation of important goods in and out of war-the so-called armory of the German Reich. In addition, the morale of the German population are weakened. Initial planning for an air war on the Ruhr were already developed at the end of World War II. In 1935 it was in Britain to the establishment of Bomber Command of the Royal Air Force (RAF) with the aim of establishing an offensive air power to be feared in view of a military confrontation with the German Reich. In the following, we developed several bombing plans, including the so-called Ruhr plan. This provided for air strikes on 19 and 22 power stations and coking plants several steel plants in the Rhine and Ruhr. By massive air strikes as soon as possible, the German armaments industry are eliminated.

At the outbreak of the Second World War in the late summer of 1939, but initially there was still appropriate to aircraft, personnel and bombs. A strategic bombing campaign began only after the German campaign in the west on 10 May 1940 laying nightly air raids on the Rhine-Ruhr area is a. The first major blow against the Ruhr on the night of 15 at 16 May 1940 1999 British aircraft were aimed above all to the hydrogenation of coal liquefaction in Oberhausen, Castrop-Rauxel, tub-Eickel, Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, Bottrop. By the winter of 1940-41 were the marshalling yards at Hamm, Soest, swords, Osnabrück, Münster, Duisburg, Cologne and Dusseldorf with Rodleben, coking plants, aircraft factories and other businesses in the defense industry, especially the Krupp works in Essen, repeated target of British air attacks.

Were previously only targeted attacks have been flown, walked the Royal Air Force from March 1942 to widespread attacks on industry and major cities in the Ruhr and the Rhineland. A major air offensive against the cities along the Rhine and Ruhr began in March 1943 and ended only five months later. An air raid in March 1943 much of the center of Essen and the Krupp works were destroyed, two months later, bombs found their target in the Mohne dam, the destruction of a massive tidal wave triggered. While the targeted heavy air attacks in recent months of the war on small-and medium-sized cities and industrial plants, a large part of the mines was damaged severely in the Ruhr area. Until 1948, the workforce of the mining and steel company engaged primarily to repairs of facilities destroyed by bombs or overload. About half of the housing stock was destroyed. Many residents had left the big cities, the supply situation was extremely precarious. There was a lack of raw materials, energy, food and efficient workforce. Many were killed in the war or those still in captivity.

At first glance appeared the state of the mines to the Allied occupation forces in May 1945 as a more or less intact. In fact, numerous mines include the relatively short development has finished. Very soon it turned out, however, as serious and sustained losses should affect the substance of the Ruhr mining industry because of the war economy.

An industry on the ground

At the end of World War II stood still for a short time in the Ruhr all wheels. The consequences of the bombing were especially severe in the industrial belt. Industrial plants, roads, utility systems and power lines were destroyed.

The goal of the Allied bombing campaign was for the Allies in the obstruction of production and transportation of important goods in and out of war-the so-called armory of the German Reich. In addition, the morale of the German population are weakened. Initial planning for an air war on the Ruhr were already developed at the end of World War II. In 1935 it was in Britain to the establishment of Bomber Command of the Royal Air Force (RAF) with the aim of establishing an offensive air power to be feared in view of a military confrontation with the German Reich. In the following, we developed several bombing plans, including the so-called Ruhr plan. This provided for air strikes on 19 and 22 power stations and coking plants several steel plants in the Rhine and Ruhr. By massive air strikes as soon as possible, the German armaments industry are eliminated.

At the outbreak of the Second World War in the late summer of 1939, but initially there was still appropriate to aircraft, personnel and bombs. A strategic bombing campaign began only after the German campaign in the west on 10 May 1940 laying nightly air raids on the Rhine-Ruhr area is a. The first major blow against the Ruhr on the night of 15 at 16 May 1940 1999 British aircraft were aimed above all to the hydrogenation of coal liquefaction in Oberhausen, Castrop-Rauxel, tub-Eickel, Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, Bottrop. By the winter of 1940-41 were the marshalling yards at Hamm, Soest, swords, Osnabrück, Münster, Duisburg, Cologne and Dusseldorf with Rodleben, coking plants, aircraft factories and other businesses in the defense industry, especially the Krupp works in Essen, repeated target of British air attacks.

Were previously only targeted attacks have been flown, walked the Royal Air Force from March 1942 to widespread attacks on industry and major cities in the Ruhr and the Rhineland. A major air offensive against the cities along the Rhine and Ruhr began in March 1943 and ended only five months later. An air raid in March 1943 much of the center of Essen and the Krupp works were destroyed, two months later, bombs found their target in the Mohne dam, the destruction of a massive tidal wave triggered. While the targeted heavy air attacks in recent months of the war on small-and medium-sized cities and industrial plants, a large part of the mines was damaged severely in the Ruhr area. Until 1948, the workforce of the mining and steel company engaged primarily to repairs of facilities destroyed by bombs or overload. About half of the housing stock was destroyed. Many residents had left the big cities, the supply situation was extremely precarious. There was a lack of raw materials, energy, food and efficient workforce. Many were killed in the war or those still in captivity.

At first glance appeared the state of the mines to the Allied occupation forces in May 1945 as a more or less intact. In fact, numerous mines include the relatively short development has finished. Very soon it turned out, however, as serious and sustained losses should affect the substance of the Ruhr mining industry because of the war economy.

An industry on the ground

At the end of World War II stood still for a short time in the Ruhr all wheels. The consequences of the bombing were especially severe in the industrial belt. Industrial plants, roads, utility systems and power lines were destroyed.

The goal of the Allied bombing campaign was for the Allies in the obstruction of production and transportation of important goods in and out of war-the so-called armory of the German Reich. In addition, the morale of the German population are weakened. Initial planning for an air war on the Ruhr were already developed at the end of World War II. In 1935 it was in Britain to the establishment of Bomber Command of the Royal Air Force (RAF) with the aim of establishing an offensive air power to be feared in view of a military confrontation with the German Reich. In the following, we developed several bombing plans, including the so-called Ruhr plan. This provided for air strikes on 19 and 22 power stations and coking plants several steel plants in the Rhine and Ruhr. By massive air strikes as soon as possible, the German armaments industry are eliminated.

At the outbreak of the Second World War in the late summer of 1939, but initially there was still appropriate to aircraft, personnel and bombs. A strategic bombing campaign began only after the German campaign in the west on 10 May 1940 laying nightly air raids on the Rhine-Ruhr area is a. The first major blow against the Ruhr on the night of 15 at 16 May 1940 1999 British aircraft were aimed above all to the hydrogenation of coal liquefaction in Oberhausen, Castrop-Rauxel, tub-Eickel, Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, Bottrop. By the winter of 1940-41 were the marshalling yards at Hamm, Soest, swords, Osnabrück, Münster, Duisburg, Cologne and Dusseldorf with Rodleben, coking plants, aircraft factories and other businesses in the defense industry, especially the Krupp works in Essen, repeated target of British air attacks.

Were previously only targeted attacks have been flown, walked the Royal Air Force from March 1942 to widespread attacks on industry and major cities in the Ruhr and the Rhineland. A major air offensive against the cities along the Rhine and Ruhr began in March 1943 and ended only five months later. An air raid in March 1943 much of the center of Essen and the Krupp works were destroyed, two months later, bombs found their target in the Mohne dam, the destruction of a massive tidal wave triggered. While the targeted heavy air attacks in recent months of the war on small-and medium-sized cities and industrial plants, a large part of the mines was damaged severely in the Ruhr area. Until 1948, the workforce of the mining and steel company engaged primarily to repairs of facilities destroyed by bombs or overload. About half of the housing stock was destroyed. Many residents had left the big cities, the supply situation was extremely precarious. There was a lack of raw materials, energy, food and efficient workforce. Many were killed in the war or those still in captivity.

At first glance appeared the state of the mines to the Allied occupation forces in May 1945 as a more or less intact. In fact, numerous mines include the relatively short development has finished. Very soon it turned out, however, as serious and sustained losses should affect the substance of the Ruhr mining industry because of the war economy.

An industry on the ground

At the end of World War II stood still for a short time in the Ruhr all wheels. The consequences of the bombing were especially severe in the industrial belt. Industrial plants, roads, utility systems and power lines were destroyed.

The goal of the Allied bombing campaign was for the Allies in the obstruction of production and transportation of important goods in and out of war-the so-called armory of the German Reich. In addition, the morale of the German population are weakened. Initial planning for an air war on the Ruhr were already developed at the end of World War II. In 1935 it was in Britain to the establishment of Bomber Command of the Royal Air Force (RAF) with the aim of establishing an offensive air power to be feared in view of a military confrontation with the German Reich. In the following, we developed several bombing plans, including the so-called Ruhr plan. This provided for air strikes on 19 and 22 power stations and coking plants several steel plants in the Rhine and Ruhr. By massive air strikes as soon as possible, the German armaments industry are eliminated.

At the outbreak of the Second World War in the late summer of 1939, but initially there was still appropriate to aircraft, personnel and bombs. A strategic bombing campaign began only after the German campaign in the west on 10 May 1940 laying nightly air raids on the Rhine-Ruhr area is a. The first major blow against the Ruhr on the night of 15 at 16 May 1940 1999 British aircraft were aimed above all to the hydrogenation of coal liquefaction in Oberhausen, Castrop-Rauxel, tub-Eickel, Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, Bottrop. By the winter of 1940-41 were the marshalling yards at Hamm, Soest, swords, Osnabrück, Münster, Duisburg, Cologne and Dusseldorf with Rodleben, coking plants, aircraft factories and other businesses in the defense industry, especially the Krupp works in Essen, repeated target of British air attacks.

Were previously only targeted attacks have been flown, walked the Royal Air Force from March 1942 to widespread attacks on industry and major cities in the Ruhr and the Rhineland. A major air offensive against the cities along the Rhine and Ruhr began in March 1943 and ended only five months later. An air raid in March 1943 much of the center of Essen and the Krupp works were destroyed, two months later, bombs found their target in the Mohne dam, the destruction of a massive tidal wave triggered. While the targeted heavy air attacks in recent months of the war on small-and medium-sized cities and industrial plants, a large part of the mines was damaged severely in the Ruhr area. Until 1948, the workforce of the mining and steel company engaged primarily to repairs of facilities destroyed by bombs or overload. About half of the housing stock was destroyed. Many residents had left the big cities, the supply situation was extremely precarious. There was a lack of raw materials, energy, food and efficient workforce. Many were killed in the war or those still in captivity.

At first glance appeared the state of the mines to the Allied occupation forces in May 1945 as a more or less intact. In fact, numerous mines include the relatively short development has finished. Very soon it turned out, however, as serious and sustained losses should affect the substance of the Ruhr mining industry because of the war economy.