Coal is formed by the way of a real complex and requires old time (tens of until hundreds of million years) under physics influence, chemical and situation of geology. To comprehend how coal formed from flora it is important to know where coal formed from flora it is important to know where coal formed and factors which will influence it is and form of coal seam.
Place Of The Forming Of Coal
There is 2 kinds of theory expressing place the forming of coal, that is :
A. The theory Insitu
This theory express that coal seam former material the forming of place of where the origin flora stays. Thereby after the plant is death, has not experienced transportation process, soon piled up by sediment layer and experiences process coalification. Coal type formed in this way has wide spreading and flattens, the quality is better because its(the ash content is small relative, Can be met at coal field Muara Enim (South Sumatera).
B. The theory Drift
This theory express that coal seam former material the forming of place differing from place of the origin flora stays. Thereby after the plant is death, transported by water media and accumulates a place, soon piled up by sediment layer and experiences process coalification. Coal type formed in this way has spreading is not wide but met some place, the quality is unfavorable because many containing pollutant material transported together during process transportation of from crop provenance to place of sedimentation. Can be met at delta coal field Mahakam Purba, Easth Kalimantan.
Factor Having An Effect On
Coal is formed by the way of complex and requires old time (tens of until hundreds of million years) under physics influence, chemical and or situation of geology. Factor having an in with coal forming, that is :
a. Position Of Geo tectonic
Be a place which the existence is influenced tectonic styles of plate. This position influences local climate and precipitation hollow morphology of the coal and also degradation speed.
b. Morphology (Topography)
Morphology from hollow at the time of forming of peat of vital importance because determining spreading of marsh where the coal is formed.
c. Climate
Dampness plays a part is important in forming of coal and is floral growth controller factor and condition of appropriate. Depend on position of geography and influenced by position of geo tectonic.
d. Degradation
Influenced by tectonic styles. If degradation and precipitation of balance peat will be yielded sediment of thick coal.
e. Geology Age
Position of geology determines growing it evolution of assorted life of plant. In a period of its development is indirectly studies history of precipitation of organic coal and metamorphosis. More and more rock age stripper more and more in accumulation which happen, so that is formed gilt edged coal. But at coal having older geology age always there are risk experiences tectonic deformation forming fold structure or breaking at coal seam.
f. Plant
Flora is main element of coal former. Growth from flora is accumulated at one particular area and physiography zone with certain climate and topography, be determinant the forming of various type coal.
g. Decomposition
Decomposition of Flora is part of biochemical orthogonal transformation from organic is starting points for all alteration. In peat growth, rest of plant will experience change of either in physical and also chemicaly. After death plant, biochemical degradation process played more. The process of obsolence (decay) there will be by microbiology activity (anaerobe bacterium). This bacterium works in situation without oxygen breaks soft part from plant like celulose, protoplasm and extract. From process is upper happened change from wood to become lignite and bituminous coal. In situation of oxygen defiency happened bichemistry process causing its(the exit water (H2O) and some of element of carbon will lose in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and methan (CH4).
Release effect of the element or compound number of relative of element of carbon will increase. Forming speed of peat depend on development speed of plant and the process of obsolence. when plant closed by water swiftly, hence will be protected by the process of obsolence, but happened disintegration process or decomposition by microbiology. when plant which has died too old resided in fresh air, hence forming speed of peat will decrease, so that only part of lag just firm complicating decomposition by microbiology.
h. History of after precipitation
History of coal hollow widely bases on position of geo tectonic influencing development of coal and coal hollow. In a word happened process geochemical and organic metamorphosis after precipitation of peat.
i. Coal hollow structure
The forming of coal at coal hollow generally experiences deformation by tectonic style, which will yield coal seam with certain form.
j. Organic metamorphosis
Second storey in forming of coal is accumulation or obsequies by new sediment. At this level processed degradation of bichemistry didn't stand again but rather predominated by chemical dynamo process. This process causes the happening of change of peat becomes coal in so many quality. During this process happened reduction of damp water, oxygen and matter flies (CO2, CO, CH4 and other gas) and increasing of percentage of solid carbon, brimstone and ash content. Change quality of coal resulted by accentual factor and time. Pressure can be because of sediment layer of a real thick conclusion or because tectonic.
The Forming Of Thick Coal Seam
Thick coal seam is coal deposit having economic value of height. One of condition which can form thick coal seam is if there is a hollow that is because of precipitation burden of coal former material to it is resulting the hollow base downwards inch by inch.
This hollow generally there is area marsh (mangrove forest) stepped aside coast. Hollow base is going down inch by inch with forming of coal enables sea surface would still and condition of stable bog. If because hollow base geology process downwards quickly, hence sea-water will enter in hollow causing causes condition of bog to become condition of sea.
As a result is to coal former layer will be precipitated sediment layer of sea for example limestone. A t phase hereinafter will collected and precipitated coal former material (rest of plant) for clay stone layer. That way further so that is formed coal seam by alternated by layer between which in the form of lime stones and clay stone. Not rarely is met coal seam often is formed layer between which in the form of clay stone so-called with clay band or clay parting.
Reaction Of Coal Forming
Coal formed from rest of dead plant with main composition of cellulose. Coal forming process or coalification assisted by physics factor, nature chemistry will change cellulose to become lignite, sub bitumine and anthracite. Reaction of forming of coal is as follows :
5(C6H10O5) ------> C20H22O4 + 3 CH4 + 8 H2O + 6 CO2 + CO
cellulose lignite methane
Description :
Cellulose (an organic matter) which is coal former matter. Element C in slimmer lignite compared to bitumine. More and more element C lignite increasingly good the quality. Element H in more lignite compared to at bitumine. More and more element H lignite more and more unfavorable the quality. Compound CH4 (methane) lignite increasingly good the quality.
Gas formed during process coalification will enter in interposing vein clay stone and this very dangerous. Gas methane which have been accumulated in gap vein, particularly in the event of increase of temperature, because cannot go out, at any times can burst and happened burning. On that account knowing form of coal deposit can determine way of mining which will be selected as well as increasing working safety.
Form Of Coal Seam
Form of hollow, sedimentation process, geology process during and after process coalification will determine form of coal seam. Recognized some form of coal seams, that is :
a. Form Of Horse Back
This form of distinguished by coal seam and rock closing over it is curved toward to as result of compression style. Thickness of toward lateral of coal seam possibility that same and or becomes thin or is smaller.
b. Form Of Pinch
This form of distinguished by thin layer is centered. In general elementary from coal seam is rock which plastics for example clay stone, is being to coal seam locally closed over by sandstone that is laterally is admission filling a path.
c. Form Of Clay Vein
This form of happened if between 2 part of coal deposit there is clay blood-vessel. This notching happened if by one coal deposit series experiences breaking, then at breaking area which is open crack loaded by clay material and or sand.
d. Form Of Burried Hill
This form of happened if area where coal initially is formed there is a culmination so that coal seam like intrusion.
e. Form Of Fault
This form of happened if area where coal deposit to experience some breaking series's. This situation will confuse in calculation reserve, effect existence of transfer of layer as result of friction of toward vertical
f. Form Of Fold
This form of happened if area where coal deposit to experience fold. More and more intensive style working fold former would more and more the fold complex happened.